Pediatric Nephrology

The following sections are included:

• Contents

• Editors

• Contributors

• Preface

The following sections are included:

• CASE PRESENTATION

• Introduction and Background

• Glomerular Filtration Rate, Clearance and Renal Plasma Flow

• Assessment of GFR

• Substances Used to Measure GFR

• Developmental Changes in GFR

• Assessment of GFR After Acute or Chronic Kidney Injury

• FURTHER READING

The following sections are included:

• CASE PRESENTATION

• Definitions

• Background — Renal Tubule Physiology

• Causes of Renal Tubule Dysfunction

• Clinical Presentation of Renal Tubule Dysfunction

• History

• Physical Examination

• Evaluation/Investigation

• CASE PRESENTATION RE-VISITED

• FURTHER READING

The following sections are included:

• CASE PRESENTATION

• Definitions

• Introduction

• Epidemiology

• Differential Diagnosis

• GROSS HEMATURIA

• Presenting Features

• Evaluation

• Physical Examination

• Evaluation and Diagnosis

• Treatment

• MICROSCOPIC HEMATURIA

• History and Physical Examination

• Investigation

• Diagnosis and Treatment

• CASE PRESENTATION RE-VISITED

• FURTHER READING

The following sections are included:

• CASE PRESENTATIONS

• Definition

• Background

• Epidemiology

• Causes of Proteinuria

• Glomerular versus Tubular Proteinuria

• Measurement of Proteinuria

• History

• Physical Examination

• Work-Up and Investigation

• Management

• CASE PRESENTATIONS RE-VISITED

• FURTHER READING

The following sections are included:

• URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS

• Introduction

• Epidemiology

• Microbiology (Table 1)

• Pathogenesis

• Clinical Presentation

• History

• Physical Examination

• Diagnosis

• Asymptomatic Bacteriuria (ABU)

• Renal Imaging

• Identification of Underlying Causes for UTI

• Treatment

• VESICOURETERAL REFLUX

• Prevalence

• Etiology

• Diagnosis and Grading

• Natural History

• VUR and Renal Scarring

• Management of VUR

• CASE PRESENTATION RE-VISITED

• FURTHER READING

The following sections are included:

• CASE PRESENTATIONS

• The Definition of Childhood Hypertension

• Ramifications of Childhood Hypertension

• Differential Diagnosis of Childhood Hypertension

• Measurement of Blood Pressure

• Evaluation of the Hypertensive Child

• Treatment of the Hypertensive Child

• Hypertensive Emergencies

• CASE PRESENTATIONS RE-VISITED

• Conclusions

• FURTHER READING

The following sections are included:

• CASE PRESENTATION

• Introduction

• Classification and Definitions

• Epidemiology

• Pathophysiology

• Clinical Manifestations

• Diagnosis

• Complications

• Management

• Outcomes and Prognosis

• Prevention

• Concluding Remarks

• CASE PRESENTATION RE-VISITED

• FURTHER READING

The following sections are included:

• CASE PRESENTATION

• Definition

• Background Information

• Epidemiology

• Causes

• General Presenting Features

• History

• Physical Examination

• Work-Up/Investigation

• Management

• CASE PRESENTATION RE-VISITED

• FURTHER READING

The following sections are included:

• CASE PRESENTATION

• Definitions

• Renal Embryogenesis

• Epidemiology of CAKUT

• Etiology of CAKUT

• Clinical Management of CAKUT

• CASE PRESENTATION RE-VISITED

• FURTHER READING

The following sections are included:

• CASE PRESENTATION

• Introduction

• Epidemiology

• Classification

• Clinical Presentation

• Laboratory Assessment

• Treatment

• Indications for Renal Biopsy

• COMPLICATIONS OF NEPHROTIC SYNDROME

• Infection

• Thromboembolism

• Anasarca

• Intravascular Hypovolemia

• Other Complications

• FURTHER READING

The following sections are included:

• CASE PRESENTATION

• Definitions

• Introduction

• Epidemiology

• Causes of AGN

• General Presenting Features

• History

• Physical Exam

• Diagnostic Evaluation

• Differential Diagnosis

• Indications for Renal Biopsy

• Treatment

• Long-Term Monitoring and Prognosis

• The Management of RPGN

• CASE PRESENTATION RE-VISITED

• FURTHER READING

The following sections are included:

• CASE PRESENTATIONS

• Case # 1

• Case # 2

• Case # 3

• OVERVIEW OF VASCULITIS

• Background

• Clinical Manifestations of Primary Systemic Vasculitis

• Diseases that Mimic Vasculitic Disease

• Diagnosis of Vasculitis

• Define Extent of the Disease

• General Management Principles

• Key Questions to Consider

• Classification of Primary Systemic Vasculitis

• Differential Diagnosis

• SPECIFIC DISEASES MANIFESTED BY VASCULITIS HENOCH–SCHÖNLEIN PURPURA

• Epidemiology

• Etiopathogenesis

• Clinical Features

• Differential Diagnoses

• Laboratory Findings

• Renal Biopsy

• Clinical Course

• Evaluation and Management

• Treatment

• Co-Morbidities

• WEGENER'S GRANULOMATOSIS

• Laboratory and Radiographic Findings

• Recurrence after Renal Transplantation

• Laboratory Features

• Diagnosis

• MICROSCOPIC POLYANGIITIS

• SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS

• Background

• Pathogenesis of Renal Disease in SLE

• Clinical Features/Diagnostic Criteria (Table 8)

• Differential Diagnosis and Features

• Laboratory Studies in Children with Suspected SLE

• Autoantibody Testing

• Imaging Studies

• Clinical Course/Outcome

• Evaluation and Management of Systemic Disease

• Lupus Nephritis

• Case Presentations Re-Visited

• FURTHER READING

The following sections are included:

• FAMILIAL HEMATURIA

• Case Presentation

• Definition-Alport Syndrome and Thin Basement Membrane Disease

• Genetics of Familial Hematurias (Table 2)

• Clinical Features of Familial Hematurias

• Renal Histology in Familial Hematurias

• Molecular Diagnosis of Familial Hematurias

• Renal Transplantation in Alport Syndrome

• Management of Familial Hematurias

• Diagnosis

• Hereditary Nephritis with Thrombocytopenia and Giant Platelets: Epstein and Fechtner Syndromes

• FABRY DISEASE

• Introduction and Genetics

• Clinical Features and Management

• NAIL-PATELLA SYNDROME (HEREDITARY OSTEO-ONYCHODYSPLASIA)

• Introduction and Background

• Genetics

• Clinical Features

• Pathology

• Treatment

• FURTHER READING

The following sections are included:

• CASE PRESENTATION

• Definition

• Presenting Features and Laboratory Tests

• Differential Diagnosis

• Epidemiology

• Pathogenesis

• Genetics/Family History

• Evaluation

• Renal Biopsy

• Treatment

• CASE PRESENTATION RE-VISITED

• FURTHER READING

The following sections are included:

• CASE PRESENTATION

• Background

• Epidemiology

• Definitions

• Etiology and Pathogenesis

• Clinical Presentation

• Physical Examination

• Complications

• Evaluation

• Renal Biopsy and Histology

• Management

• Treatment of Recurrence in Transplant

• Prognosis

• Summary

• CASE PRESENTATION RE-VISITED

• FURTHER READING

The following sections are included:

• CASE PRESENTATIONS

• Introduction

• Classification

• TYPICAL DIARRHEA-ASSOCIATED HUS (D + HUS)

• Epidemiology

• Causes

• Pathophysiology

• Clinical Presentation

• Treatment

• Prognosis and Long-Term Complications

• ATYPICAL, NON-FAMILIAL HUS

• Clinical Presentation and Extra-Renal Manifestations

• Prognosis

• Transplantation

• Long-Term Complications

• ATYPICAL FAMILIAL HUS

• Molecular Genetics

• Evaluation

• Clinical Presentation and Course

• ADVANCES IN DIAGNOSIS

• POTENTIAL THERAPIES

• CASE PRESENTATIONS RE-VISITED

• FURTHER READING

The following sections are included:

• UROLITHIASIS

• Pathophysiology

• Clinical Presentation

• Laboratory Evaluation

• Radiology

• Treatment

• Specific Topics in Urolithiasis

• MINERAL METABOLISM

• Rickets

• ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

• FURTHER READING

The following sections are included:

• CASE PRESENTATION

• Definition of Acidosis and Physiologic Considerations

• Background

• The Serum and Urinary Anion Gap

• Renal Tubular Acidosis: Definition, Types, Presenting Features, Laboratory Tests

• Types of RTA

• Differential Diagnosis of RTA

• Epidemiology of RTA

• Evaluation of RTA

• Step-Wise Approach to the Diagnosis of Renal Tubular Acidosis

• Treatment of RTA

• CASE PRESENTATION RE-VISITED

• FURTHER READING

The following sections are included:

• CASE PRESENTATIONS

• Definition of CKD

• Assessment of Renal Function

• Epidemiology of CKD

• Staging of CKD (Table 1)

• Causes of CKD in Children (Table 2)

• Presentation of CKD (Table 3)

• History

• Investigation of the Cause of CKD

• Management of the Child with CKD

• Growth and Nutrition

• CASE PRESENTATIONS RE-VISITED

• FURTHER READING

The following sections are included:

• CASE PRESENTATION

• Introduction

• MAINTENANCE (CHRONIC) HEMODIALYSIS

• Choice of Hemodialysis for Chronic Renal Replacement Therapy

• Nuts and Bolts of Hemodialysis

• Vascular Access-Maintenance (Chronic) Hemodialysis

• Hemodialysis Machine and Dialyzers

• Clearance

• Dialysis Fluid

• Anticoagulation

• The Hemodialysis Prescription

• Considerations for Acute Hemodialysis Prescription

• Nutrition During Chronic Hemodialysis

• Infant Hemodialysis

• Vascular Access-Acute Hemodialysis

• CONTINUOUS RENAL REPLACEMENT THERAPY

• Choice of Acute Dialysis Modality

• Terminology of Different Types of CRRT

• Nuts and Bolts for CRRT

• FURTHER READING

The following sections are included:

• CASE PRESENTATION

• Background

• PERITONEAL DIALYSIS FOR ACUTE KIDNEY INJURY

• Introduction

• Acute Catheters: Temporary versus Permanent

• Acute Peritoneal Dialysis Solutions

• Acute PD Prescription

• CASE PRESENTATION RE-VISITED

• INCIDENCE AND PREVALENCE OF END-STAGE RENAL DISEASE IN CHILDREN

• Causes of ESRD in Children

• Indications for Chronic Dialysis

• Contraindications to Chronic PD

• Choice of PD Modality

• Peritoneal Dialysis Access

• Peritoneal Dialysis Solutions

• Prescribing Peritoneal Dialysis for Children

• Nutritional Management of Children on Peritoneal Dialysis

• Infectious Complications of Peritoneal Dialysis

• Technique and Patient Survival

• CASE PRESENTATION RE-VISITED

• FURTHER READING

The following sections are included:

• CASE PRESENTATION

• Indications for Transplantation

• Pre-Transplant Evaluation of the Recipient

• Donor Evaluation

• Transplant Procedure

• Pre-Operative, Intra-Operative and Post-Transplant Management

• Immunosuppressive Therapy

• Anti-Infective Prophylaxis

• Post-Transplant Monitoring

• Complications of Transplantation

• Transition of Care

• Summary

• FURTHER READING

The following sections are included:

• CASE PRESENTATION

• Renal Embryogenesis

• Renal Circulation and Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)

• Tubular Function

• Renal Hormones During Development

• Renovascular Accidents

• Neonatal Hypertension

• Urinalysis

• Acute Kidney Injury (AKI)

• Congenital Renal Anomalies (Table 9)

• Nephrocalcinosis

• CASE PRESENTATION RE-VISITED

• FURTHER READING

The following sections are included:

• HYPONATREMIA

• Case Presentation

• Introduction and Background

• Diagnosis

• Prevention of Hospital-Acquired Hyponatremia

• Specific Disorders of Featuring Hyponatremia

• CASE PRESENTATION RE-VISITED (HYPONATREMIA)

• HYPERNATREMIA

• Pathogenesis

• Clinical Manifestations

• Treatment

• CASE PRESENTATION RE-VISITED (HYPERNATREMIA)

• POTASSIUM HOMEOSTASIS

• HYPOKALEMIA

• Clinical Affects

• Causes (Table 5)

• CASE PRESENTATION RE-VISITED (HYPOKALEMIA)

• HYPERKALEMIA

• Patients at Risk (Table 6)

• CASE PRESENTATION RE-VISITED (HYPERKALEMIA)

• FURTHER READING

The following sections are included:

• CASE PRESENTATION

• Definition

• Causes

• Clinical Presentation

• Diagnosis

• Treatment

• FURTHER READING

The following sections are included:

• Index