Handbook of Pediatric Otolaryngology

The following sections are included:

• Contents

• Contributors

• Preface

The following sections are included:

• INTRODUCTION

• ANATOMY

• RISK FACTORS AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY

• EVALUATION
  • History
  • Physical Examination
  • Audiologic Evaluation

• MANAGEMENT
  • Acute Otitis Media
  • Chronic Otitis Media with Effusion

• EMERGENCY EVALUATION AND TREATMENT

• COMPLICATIONS AND THEIR MANAGEMENT
  • Extracranial Complications
  • Intracranial Complications

• OPERATIVE INTERVENTIONS
  • Indications
  • Myringotomy with Tube Placement
  • Adenoidectomy

• SUMMARY

• REFERENCES

The following sections are included:

• INTRODUCTION

• ANATOMY OF THE EAC

• PHYSIOLOGY OF THE EAC

• PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF AOE

• DIAGNOSIS

• ETIOLOGY

• TREATMENT

• COMBINATION OTOTOPICAL THERAPY

• ROLE OF SYSTEMIC ANTIBIOTICS

• RECURRENT OTITIS EXTERNA
  • Necrotizing Otitis Externa
  • Otomycosis
  • Herpes Zoster Oticus

• REFERENCES

The following sections are included:

• ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
  • Conductive System
  • Sensorineural System

• HEARING LOSS

• DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS OF HEARING LOSS
  • Non-Organic Hearing Loss
  • Conductive Hearing Loss
  • Sensorineural Hearing Loss

• OUTPATIENT VS. INPATIENT MANAGEMENT OF HEARING LOSS

• EMERGENCY EVALUATION AND TREATMENT OF HEARING LOSS

• OPERATIVE INTERVENTIONS OF HEARING LOSS

• BALANCE DISORDERS

• DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS OF BALANCE DISORDERS
  • Peripheral Vestibular Disorders
    • Otitis media
    • Congenital inner ear anomalies
    • Vestibular neuronitis
    • Other peripheral causes
  • Central Vestibular Disorders
    • Migraine
    • Benign paroxysmal vertigo of childhood
    • Posterior fossa tumors
    • Other central disorders

• OUTPATIENT MANAGEMENT OF BALANCE DISORDERS

• INPATIENT MANAGEMENT OF BALANCE DISORDERS

• OPERATIVE INTERVENTION OF BALANCE DISORDERS

• ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

• REFERENCES

The following sections are included:

• INTRODUCTION

• NEWBORN HEARING SCREENING

• AUDIOLOGIC TEST PROCEDURES
  • Pure Tone Audiometry
  • Speech Audiometry
  • Audiometry Across Age Groups

• TYMPANOMETRY AND MIDDLE EAR MUSCLE REFLEX

• OTOACOUSTIC EMISSIONS
  • Interpretation of OAEs

• ELECTROPHYSIOLOGIC MEASURES OF HEARING: ABR AND ASSR
  • ABR
  • ASSR

• SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

• REFERENCES

The following sections are included:

• INTRODUCTION

• INFLAMMATION

• BIOFILMS

• CYSTIC FIBROSIS

• PRIMARY CILIARY DYSKINESIA

• ANATOMY AND IMAGING

• ACUTE RHINOSINUSITIS

• CHRONIC RHINOSINUSITIS

• MEDICAL TREATMENT OF CHRONIC RHINOSINUSITIS—DEMONSTRATED EFFICACY IN CLINICAL TRIALS
  • Topical Glucocorticoids
  • Nasal Saline Lavage
  • Long-Term Macrolide Therapy
  • Oral Glucocorticoids
  • Allergy Immunotherapy
  • Aspirin Desensitization, Antivirals, Antihistamines
  • Leukotriene Modifiers
  • Topical Antibiotics
  • Intravenous Antibiotics
  • Intravenous Immunoglobulin (IVIG)

• MEDICAL TREATMENT OF CHRONIC RHINOSINUSITIS—NO DEMONSTRATED EFFICACY OR INSUFFICIENT EVIDENCE
  • Gastroesophageal Reflux
  • Topical or Systemic Antimycotics

• SURGICAL THERAPY FOR NASAL CONGESTION

• SURGICAL THERAPY FOR RHINOSINUSITIS
  • Adenoidectomy
  • Ethmoidectomy and Maxillary Antrostomy
  • Suppurative Complications — Periorbital Cellulitis
  • Suppurative Complications — Epidural Abscess
  • Decision Making for Endoscopic Sinus Surgery

• CONCLUSION

• REFERENCES

The following sections are included:

• INTRODUCTION

• EPIDEMIOLOGY

• ANATOMY/PHYSIOLOGY

• ETIOLOGY
  • Local Causes
  • Systemic Causes

• EVALUATION
  • History
  • Physical
  • Labs
  • Imaging

• TREATMENT
  • Non-Surgical Emergency Department Management
    • Chemical cautery
    • Anterior nasal packing
    • Posterior nasal packing
    • Follow-up
• Non-Surgical Inpatient and Outpatient Management
• Surgical Management
  • Endoscopic nasal cautery
  • Septal dermoplasty
  • Young's procedure
  • Arterial ligation
  • Arterial embolization
  • Lasers

• COMPLICATIONS
  • Non-Surgical Management
  • Surgical Management
    • Endoscopic nasal cautery
    • Arterial ligation
    • Arterial embolization

• SUMMARY

• REFERENCES

The following sections are included:

• INTRODUCTION
  • Anatomy
  • Physiology
  • Evaluation
  • Outpatient Management
  • Inpatient Management
  • Emergency Evaluation and Treatment
  • Complications and Their Management
  • Operative Interventions

• ETIOLOGIES OF AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION
  • Pyriform Aperture Stenosis
  • Choanal Atresia
  • Nasolacrimal Duct Cysts
  • Congenital Nasal Masses
  • Nasal Malformations
  • Neonatal Rhinitis
  • Laryngomalacia
  • Vocal Fold Immobility
  • Congenital Structural Anomalies of the Airway
  • Tracheomalacia
  • Subglottic Hemangioma
  • Iatrogenic Causes

• CONCLUSION

• REFERENCES

The following sections are included:

• DEFINITION OF STRIDOR

• DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS

• ASSESSMENT OF THE STRIDULOUS PATIENT
  • Initial Assessment
  • History
  • Physical Examination
  • Flexible Laryngoscopy
  • Operative Direct Laryngoscopy and Bronchoscopy

• SPECIFIC PATHOLOGY
  • Laryngomalacia
  • Discoordinate Pharyngolaryngomalacia
  • Tracheomalacia
  • Group (Laryngotracheobronchitis)
  • Epiglottitis
  • Tracheitis
  • Subglottic Hemangioma
  • Post-Intubation Injuries
  • Vocal Cord Paralysis
  • Congenital Airway Anomalies
  • Recurrent Respiratory Papillomatosis (RRP)
  • Foreign Body-Airway
  • Foreign Body — Esophageal
  • Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)

• REFERENCES

The following sections are included:

• INTRODUCTION
  • Anatomy
  • Physiology
  • Evaluation
  • Outpatient Management
  • Inpatient Management
  • Emergency Evaluation and Treatment
  • Complications and Their Management
  • Operative Interventions

• ETIOLOGIES OF CONGENITAL PEDIATRIC VOICE DISORDERS
  • Unilateral Vocal Fold Immobility
  • Bilateral Vocal Fold Immobility
  • Laryngeal Web
  • Anterior and Posterior Laryngeal Cleft
  • Laryngocele and Saccular Cyst

• ETIOLOGIES OF ACQUIRED PEDIATRIC VOICE DISORDERS
  • Laryngopharyngeal Reflux — LPR
  • Laryngeal Hyperfunction
  • Vocal Fold Fibrovascular Lesions (Nodules, Ulcers, Granulomas and Scar)
  • Vocal Fold Cysts
  • Recurrent Laryngeal Papillomas
  • Hypernasality and Velopharyngeal Incompetence (VPI)
  • Laryngeal Trauma
  • Paradoxical Vocal Fold Motion
  • Dystonia
  • Articulation and Phonologic Disorders

• CONCLUSION

• REFERENCES

The following sections are included:

• INTRODUCTION

• ANATOMY
  • The Mouth, Oral Cavity, Nasopharynx and Oropharynx
  • The Larynx, Pharynx, Hypopharynx and Esophagus

• NEUROANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY

• EVALUATION

• OUTPATIENT MANAGEMENT

• INPATIENT MANAGEMENT

• EMERGENCY EVALUATION AND TREATMENT

• MANAGEMENT OF DYSPHAGIA INCLUDING OPERATIVE INTERVENTIONS

• CONCLUSION

• CLINICAL ALGORITHM 1

• REFERENCES

The following sections are included:

• INTRODUCTION

• EPIDEMIOLOGY OF ADENOTONSILLAR DISEASE

• ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY

• CLINICAL PRESENTATION
  • Adenoids
  • Tonsils

• CLINICAL EVALUATION

• MANAGEMENT

• SURGICAL TECHNIQUES
  • Tonsillectomy
  • Adenoidectomy

• OUTCOMES
  • The Efficacy of T&A for Recurrent Tonsillitis
  • The Efficacy of T&A for SDB

• BEHAVIOR, QUALITY OF LIFE AND HEALTHCARE UTILIZATION

• CHILDHOOD OBESITY AND SDB

• OTHER “HIGH-RISK” CHILDREN FOR SDB

• SURGICAL COMPLICATIONS

• CONTRAINDICATIONS

• CONCLUSIONS

• REFERENCES

The following sections are included:

• INTRODUCTION

• NECK MASSES PRESENTING IN THE FETAL OR NEONATAL PERIOD
  • Teratomas and Congenital High Upper Airway Obstruction (CHAOS)
  • Fibromatosis Colli

• NECK MASSES PRESENTING IN INFANCY AND CHILDHOOD
  • Midline Neck Masses
    • Thyroid gland anomalies
      • Ectopic thyroid tissue
      • Thyroglossal duct cysts
    • Cervical dermoid cysts
    • Foregut duplication cysts and bronchogenic cysts
    • Cervical (plunging) ranula
  • Anterocervical Neck Masses
    • Branchial remnants
      • First branchial cleft anomalies
      • Second branchial cleft anomalies
      • Third and fourth branchial cleft anomalies
    • Thymic gland anomalies

• REFERENCES

The following sections are included:

• ADENOTONSILLAR AND PHARYNGEAL INFECTIONS
  • Viral Pharyngitis
    • Epstein-Barr virus
  • Bacterial Pharyngitis
    • Group A streptococcal pharyngitis
  • Additional Etiologies of Acute Pharyngitis
  • Role of Tonsillectomy
  • Complications of Pharyngitis
    • Lemierre's syndrome

• CERVICAL LYMPHADENITIS
  • Acute Lymphadenitis
  • Subacute or Chronic Lymphadenitis

• DEEP NECK SPACE INFECTIONS
  • Peritonsillar Abscess
  • Parapharyngeal Abscess
  • Retropharyngeal Abscess

• REFERENCES

The following sections are included:

• INTRODUCTION

• ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY

• EVALUATION AND MANAGEMENT

• INFLAMMATORY CONDITIONS
  • Acute Viral Sialadenitis
  • Acute Suppurative Bacterial Sialadenitis
  • Chronic Recurrent Sialadenitis

• AUTOIMMUNE CONDITIONS
  • Benign Lymphoepithelial Disease
  • Sjogren's Syndrome

• GRANULOMATOUS DISEASE
  • Mycobacterial Disease
  • Sarcoidosis
  • Cat-Scratch Disease
  • Actinomycosis

• CONGENITAL CONDITIONS
  • Congenital Cystic Lesions
  • Branchial Arch Anomalies
  • Dermoid Cysts
  • Congenital Ductal Retention Cysts

• NEOPLASTIC LESIONS
  • Hemangiomas
  • Lymphatic Malformations
  • Pleomorphic Adenomas

• CONCLUSION

• REFERENCES

The following sections are included:

• INTRODUCTION

• PEDIATRIC THYROID CARCINOMA
  • Incidence
  • Risk Factors
  • Initial Evaluation
  • Subtypes of Thyroid Carcinoma in Children
  • Thyroid Cancer Staging
  • Thyroid Cancer Biology
  • Management
  • Surgical Treatment of WDTC
  • Postoperative Radioactive Iodine Treatment
  • Thyroid Hormone Suppression
  • Medullary Thyroid Cancer (MTC)

• SALIVARY GLAND MALIGNANCIES
  • Introduction
  • History and Physical Examination
  • Initial Evaluation
  • Histologic Types of Pediatric Salivary Gland Neoplasms
  • Mucoepidermoid Carcinoma (MEC)
  • Acinic Cell Carcinoma
  • Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma
  • Adenocarcinoma
  • Undifferentiated Carcinoma
  • Management

• SKULL BASE MALIGNANCIES
  • Incidence
  • Anatomical Considerations
  • Tumors of the Anterior Cranial Base in Children
  • Surgical Approaches to the Anterior Cranial Base
  • Esthesioneuroblastomas
  • Treatment

• TUMORS OF THE MIDDLE CRANIAL BASE IN CHILDREN
  • Central
  • Paracentral
  • Lateral
  • Histological Subtypes
  • Approaches
  • Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS)
  • Presentation and Evaluation
  • Staging
  • Treatment
  • Nasopharyngeal Cancer
  • Presentation
  • Histopathology
  • Diagnosis and Staging
  • Treatment and Prognosis

• REFERENCES

The following sections are included:

• INTRODUCTION
  • Multidisciplinary Approach
  • Systematic Assessment

• OTOLARYNGOLOGIC MANAGEMENT
  • Airway
    • Etiologies
  • Management of the Airway
    • Acute
    • Subacute
    • Chronic
  • Surgical Intervention on the Airway
  • Feeding
  • Surgical Intervention to Improve Caloric Intake
  • Ears and Hearing
    • Hearing
    • Eustachian tube dysfunction
  • Management of the Ears and Hearing
  • Surgical Intervention for the Ears and Hearing

• COMMON SYNDROMES
  • Craniofacial Anomalies
    • Clefting syndromes (Table 1)

• EMBRYOLOGY/ANATOMY
  • The Branchial Apparatus

• REFERENCES

The following sections are included:

• INTRODUCTION

• FACIAL SOFT TISSUE INJURIES
  • Special Circumstances
    • Oropharyngeal injuries
    • Bites
    • Facial nerve
    • Tissue loss

• BONY INJURIES
  • Etiology
  • Facial Growth
  • Sites of Injury
  • Management
    • Nasal fractures
    • Mandible fracture
    • Nasoethmoid complex fractures
    • Zygomaticomalar complex fractures
    • Orbital floor fractures
    • Orbital roof fractures
    • Temporal bone fractures

• CONCLUSION

• REFERENCES

The following sections are included:

• OVERVIEW

• PATIENT IDENTIFICATION AND SELECTION
  • Patient identification
  • Indications for “EXIT to airway”
  • Imaging (US, MRI) and interpretation
  • Case discussion
  • Informed consent

• MULTIDISCIPLINARY PREPARATIONS
  • Establishing roles and lines of communication
  • Schematic diagram of operating room setup
  • Fetal management algorithm
  • Operating room coordination

• OR SET-UP
  • Surgical equipment
  • Pediatric anesthesia equipment
  • Neonatal resuscitation supplies
  • Maternal anesthesia equipment
  • Obstetrical equipment

• PERIOPERATIVE CARE (CHRONOLOGICAL, STEP-BY-STEP SEQUENCE)
  • Induction
  • Pre-hysterotomy
  • Post-hysterotomy/partial delivery
  • Establishing an airway
  • Post-delivery

• POSSIBLE PITFALLS AND WORDS OF WISDOM
  • Maintaining placental life support
  • Reducing risks with planning
  • Limiting OR traffic to essential personnel

• REFERENCES

The following sections are included:

• INTRODUCTION

• DEVELOPMENTAL DIFFERENCES AND CONSIDERATIONS FOR PEDIATRIC PATIENTS
  • Respiratory System
  • Cardiovascular System
  • Renal And Hepatic Function
  • Pharmacological Difference
  • Thermoregulation

• RISKS OF ANESTHESIA

• SPECIFIC CONCERNS FOR THE ANESTHESIOLOGIST
  • Upper Respiratory Infection
  • Obesity
  • Asthma
  • Trisomy 21
  • Congenital Heart Disease

• NIL-PER-OS GUIDELINES

• PREOPERATIVE MANAGEMENT
  • Family Preparation
  • Premedication

• INTRAOPERATIVE MANAGEMENT
  • Parent Present Induction
  • Intraoperative Monitoring

• INDUCTION OF ANESTHESIA

• ANESTHESIA MAINTENANCE
  • Inhalational Agents
    • Nitrous oxide
    • Halothane
    • Sevoflurane
    • Isoflurane
    • Desflurane
  • Intravenous Agents
    • Opioids
    • Fentanyl
    • Morphine
    • Hydromorphone
  • Other Intravenous Agents
    • Midazolam
    • Propofol
    • Ketamine
    • Dexmedetomidine

• MUSCLE RELAXANTS
  • Depolarizing Muscle Relaxants
    • Succinylcholine
  • Non-Depolarizing Muscle Relaxants

• MALIGNANT HYPERTHERMIA

• EMERGENCE FROM ANESTHESIA

• SPECIFIC CASES
  • Laryngeal Surgery and Rigid Bronchoscopy
  • Tonsillectomy
  • Epiglottitis
  • Airway Fires

• POSTOPERATIVE CONCERNS
  • Postoperative Croup/Stridor
  • Apnea of Prematurity
  • Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting
  • Pain Management

• REFERENCES

The following sections are included:

• INTRODUCTION

• ACUTE OTITIS MEDIA (AOM)

• OTITIS MEDIA WITH EFFUSION (OME)

• OTITIS EXTERNA

• TONSILLECTOMY

• OBSTRUCTIVE SLEEP APNEA SYNDROME

• SINUSITIS

• HOARSENESS

• SUMMARY

• REFERENCES

The following sections are included:

• INTRODUCTION

• REPORTING MEDICAL ERROR

• PREVENTATIVE MEASURES
  • Pharmaceutical Error
  • Charting Error
  • Communication Error in the Operating Room

• PHYSICIAN EDUCATION
  • The Practicing Physician
  • The Resident Physician
  • The Medical Student
  • The Morbidity and Mortality Audit

• INFORMED CONSENT AND MALPRACTICE LITIGATION

• CONCLUSION

• REFERENCES

The following sections are included:

• Index