World Scientific
Skip main navigation

Cookies Notification

We use cookies on this site to enhance your user experience. By continuing to browse the site, you consent to the use of our cookies. Learn More
×
Our website is made possible by displaying certain online content using javascript.
In order to view the full content, please disable your ad blocker or whitelist our website www.worldscientific.com.

System Upgrade on Mon, Jun 21st, 2021 at 1am (EDT)

During this period, the E-commerce and registration of new users may not be available for up to 6 hours.
For online purchase, please visit us again. Contact us at [email protected] for any enquiries.

A Novel Method of Building Functional Brain Network Using Deep Learning Algorithm with Application in Proficiency Detection

    Functional brain network (FBN) has become very popular to analyze the interaction between cortical regions in the last decade. But researchers always spend a long time to search the best way to compute FBN for their specific studies. The purpose of this study is to detect the proficiency of operators during their mineral grinding process controlling based on FBN. To save the search time, a novel semi-data-driven method of computing functional brain connection based on stacked autoencoder (BCSAE) is proposed in this paper. This method uses stacked autoencoder (SAE) to encode the multi-channel EEG data into codes and then computes the dissimilarity between the codes from every pair of electrodes to build FBN. The highlight of this method is that the SAE has a multi-layered structure and is semi-supervised, which means it can dig deeper information and generate better features. Then an experiment was performed, the EEG of the operators were collected while they were operating and analyzed to detect their proficiency. The results show that the BCSAE method generated more number of separable features with less redundancy, and the average accuracy of classification (96.18%) is higher than that of the control methods: PLV (92.19%) and PLI (78.39%).

    References

    • 1. R. Yuvaraj, M. Murugappan, U. R. Acharya, H. Adeli, N. M. Ibrahim and E. Mesquita, Brain functional connectivity patterns for emotional state classification in Parkinson’s disease patients without dementia, Behav. Brain Res. 298 (2016) 248–260. Crossref, Medline, ISIGoogle Scholar
    • 2. F. C. Morabito, M. Campolo, D. Labate, G. Morabito, L. Bonanno, A. Bramanti, S. de Salvo, A. Marra and P. Bramanti, A longitudinal EEG study of Alzheimer’s disease progression based on a complex network approach, Int. J. Neural Syst. 25(2) (2015) 1550005. Link, ISIGoogle Scholar
    • 3. E. Pereda, R. Q. Quiroga and J. Bhattacharya, Nonlinear multivariate analysis of neurophysiological signals, Prog. Neurobiol. 77 (2005) 1–37. Crossref, Medline, ISIGoogle Scholar
    • 4. K. Sameshima and L. A. Baccala, Using partial directed coherence to describe neuronal ensemble interactions, J. Neurosci. Methods 94 (1999) 93–103. Crossref, Medline, ISIGoogle Scholar
    • 5. L. A. Baccalá and K. Sameshima, Partial directed coherence: A new concept in neural structure determination, Biol. Cybern. 84 (2001) 463–474. Crossref, Medline, ISIGoogle Scholar
    • 6. R. Q. Quiroga, J. Arnhold and P. Grassberger, Learning driver-response relationships from synchronization patterns, Phys. Rev. E Stat. Phys. Plasmas Fluids Relat. Interdiscip. Topics 61 (2000) 5142–5148. Crossref, Medline, ISIGoogle Scholar
    • 7. H. Wang, W. W. Chang and C. Zhang, Functional brain network and multichannel analysis for the P300-based brain computer interface system of lying detection, Exp. Syst. Appl. 53 (2016) 117–128. Crossref, ISIGoogle Scholar
    • 8. M. Ahmadlou and H. Adeli, Fuzzy synchronization likelihood with application to attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, Clin. EEG Neurosci. 42 (2011) 6–13. Crossref, Medline, ISIGoogle Scholar
    • 9. M. Ahmadlou, H. Adeli and A. Adeli, Fuzzy synchronization likelihood-wavelet methodology for diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder, J. Neuroscience Methods 211 (2012) 203–209. Crossref, Medline, ISIGoogle Scholar
    • 10. C. Zhang, H. Wang and R. R. Fu, Automated detection of driver fatigue based on entropy and complexity measures, IEEE Trans. Intell. Transp. Syst. 15 (2014) 168–177. Crossref, ISIGoogle Scholar
    • 11. R. Coullaut-Valera, I. Arbaiza, R. Bajo, R. Arrue, M. E. Lopez, J. Coullaut-Valera, A. Correas, D. Lopez-Sanz, F. Maestu and D. Papo, Drug polyconsumption is associated with increased synchronization of brain electrical-activity at rest and in a counting task, Int. J. Neural Syst. 24(1) (2014) 1450005. Link, ISIGoogle Scholar
    • 12. M. Ahmadlou and H. Adeli, Complexity of weighted graph: A new technique to investigate structural complexity of brain activities with applications to aging and autism, Neurosci. Lett. 650 (2017) 103–108. Crossref, Medline, ISIGoogle Scholar
    • 13. D. Rangaprakash, X. P. Hu and G. Deshpande, Phase synchronization in brain networks derived from correlation between probabilities of recurrences in functional MRI data, Int. J. Neural Syst. 23(2) (2013) 1350003. Link, ISIGoogle Scholar
    • 14. D. Serletis, P. L. Carlen, T. A. Valiante and B. L. Bardakjian, Phase synchronization of neuronal noise in mouse hippocampal epileptiform dynamics, Int. J. Neural Syst. 23(1) (2013) 1250033. Link, ISIGoogle Scholar
    • 15. M. Ahmadlou, A. Adeli, R. Bajo and H. Adeli, Complexity of functional connectivity networks in mild cognitive impairment subjects during a working memory task, Clin. Neurophysiol. 125 (2014) 694–702. Crossref, Medline, ISIGoogle Scholar
    • 16. S. Reiterer, C. Hemmelmann, P. Rappelsberger and M. L. Berger, Characteristic functional networks in high- versus low-proficiency second language speakers detected also during native language processing: An explorative EEG coherence study in 6 frequency bands, Brain Res. Cogn. Brain Res. 25 (2005) 566–578. Crossref, MedlineGoogle Scholar
    • 17. S. P. Deeny, A. J. Haufler, M. Saffer and B. D. Hatfield, Electroencephalographic coherence during visuomotor performance: A comparison of cortico-cortical communication in experts and novices, J. Mot. Behav. 41 (2009) 106–116. Crossref, Medline, ISIGoogle Scholar
    • 18. X. J. Duan, Z. L. Long, H. F. Chen, D. M. Liang, L. H. Qiu, X. Q. Huang, T. C. Y. Liu and Q. Y. Gong, Functional organization of intrinsic connectivity networks in Chinese-chess experts, Brain Res. 1558 (2014) 33–43. Crossref, Medline, ISIGoogle Scholar
    • 19. N. Langer, C. C. von Bastian, H. Wirz, K. Oberauer and L. Jancke, The effects of working memory training on functional brain network efficiency, Cortex 49 (2013) 2424–2438. Crossref, Medline, ISIGoogle Scholar
    • 20. C. Zhang, H. Wang, H. Wang and M. H. Wu, EEG-based expert system using complexity measures and probability density function control in alpha sub-band, Integr. Computer-Aided Eng. 20 (2013) 391–405. Crossref, ISIGoogle Scholar
    • 21. V. Sakkalis, Review of advanced techniques for the estimation of brain connectivity measured with EEG/MEG, Computers Biol. Med. 41 (2011) 1110–1117. Crossref, Medline, ISIGoogle Scholar
    • 22. Y. LeCun, Y. Bengio and G. Hinton, Deep learning, Nature 521 (2015) 436–444. Crossref, Medline, ISIGoogle Scholar
    • 23. J. M. Zhang, Y. Wu, J. Bai and F. Q. Chen, Automatic sleep stage classification based on sparse deep belief net and combination of multiple classifiers, Trans. Inst. Meas. Control 38 (2016) 435–451. Crossref, ISIGoogle Scholar
    • 24. A. Antoniades, L. Spyrou, C. C. Took and S. Sanei, Deep learning for epileptic intracranial EEG data, 2016 Ieee 26th International Workshop on Machine Learning for Signal Processing (Mlsp), pp. 1–6. Google Scholar
    • 25. M. Yanagimoto and C. Sugimoto, Recognition of persisting emotional valence from EEG using convolutional neural networks, 2016 Ieee 9th International Workshop on Computational Intelligence and Applications (Iwcia), pp. 27–32. Google Scholar
    • 26. Q. Lin, S. Q. Ye, X. M. Huang, S. Y. Li, M. Z. Zhang, Y. Xue and W. S. Chen, Classification of epileptic EEG signals with stacked sparse autoencoder based on deep learning, Intell. Comput. Methodologies, Icic 2016, Pt Iii 9773 (2016) 802–810. Google Scholar
    • 27. J. Shamwell, Y. Lee, H. Kwon, A. R. Marathe, V. Lawhern and W. Nothwang, Single-trial EEG RSVP classification using convolutional neural networks, Micro-Nanotechnol. Sens. Syst. Appl. Viii 9836 (2016) 983622. Google Scholar
    • 28. U. R. Acharya, S. L. Oh, Y. Hagiwara, J. H. Tan and H. Adeli, Deep convolutional neural network for the automated detection and diagnosis of seizure using EEG signals, Computers Biol. Med. (2017) 1–9. Google Scholar
    • 29. W. L. Zheng and B. L. Lu, Investigating critical frequency bands and channels for EEG-based emotion recognition with deep neural networks, IEEE Trans. Autonomous Mental Dev. 7 (2015) 162–175. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
    • 30. Z. C. Tang, C. Li and S. Q. Sun, Single-trial EEG classification of motor imagery using deep convolutional neural networks, Optik 130 (2017) 11–18. Crossref, ISIGoogle Scholar
    • 31. Y. R. Tabar and U. Halici, A novel deep learning approach for classification of EEG motor imagery signals, J. Neural Eng. 14 (2017) 016003. Crossref, Medline, ISIGoogle Scholar
    • 32. T. Ma, H. Li, H. Yang, X. L. Lv, P. Y. Li, T. J. Liu, D. Z. Yao and P. Xu, The extraction of motion-onset VEP BCI features based on deep learning and compressed sensing, J. Neurosci. Methods 275 (2017) 80–92. Crossref, Medline, ISIGoogle Scholar
    • 33. M. A. Li, M. Zhang and Y. J. Sun, A novel motor imagery EEG recognition method based on deep learning, in Proc. 2016 International Forum on Management, Education and Information Technology Application, Vol. 47 (2016), pp. 728–733. Google Scholar
    • 34. W. Liu, W. L. Zheng and B. L. Lu, Emotion recognition using multimodal deep learning, Neural Inform. Process. Iconip 2016, Pt Ii 9948 (2016) 521–529. Google Scholar
    • 35. W. L. Zheng, J. Y. Zhu, Y. Peng and B. L. Lu, EEG-based emotion classification using deep belief networks, 2014 Ieee Int. Conf. Multimedia and Expo (Icme) (2014), pp. 1–6. Google Scholar
    • 36. H. S. Cai, X. C. Sha, X. Han, S. X. Wei and B. Hu, Pervasive EEG diagnosis of depression using deep belief network with three-electrodes EEG collector, 2016 IEEE Int. Conf. Bioinformatics and Biomedicine (Bibm) (2016), pp. 1239–1246. Google Scholar
    • 37. H. Y. Xu and K. N. Plataniotis, EEG-based affect states classification using deep belief networks, 2016 Digital Media Industry and Academic Forum (Dmiaf) (2016), pp. 148–153. Google Scholar
    • 38. A. M. Al-Kaysi, A. Al-Ani and T. W. Boonstra, A multichannel deep belief network for the classification of EEG data, Neural Inform. Process., Iconip 2015, Pt Iv 9492 (2015) 38–45. Google Scholar
    • 39. M. L., Ȩngkvist, L. Karlsson and A. Loutfi, Sleep stage classification using unsupervised feature learning, Adv. Artif. Neural Syst. 2012 (2012) 5. Google Scholar
    • 40. D. Erhan, Y. Bengio, A. Courville, P. A. Manzagol, P. Vincent and S. Bengio, Why does unsupervised pre-training help deep learning?, J. Mach. Learning Res. 11 (2010) 625–660. ISIGoogle Scholar
    • 41. L. Shaowen, Z. Ping, C. Tianyou and D. Wei, Modeling and simulation of whole ball mill grinding plant for integrated control, IEEE Trans. Autom. Sci. Eng. 11 (2014) 1004–1019. Crossref, ISIGoogle Scholar
    • 42. J. P. Lachaux, E. Rodriguez, J. Martinerie and F. J. Varela, Measuring phase synchrony in brain signals, Human Brain Mapping 8 (1999) 194–208. Crossref, Medline, ISIGoogle Scholar
    • 43. M. Le Van Quyen, J. Foucher, J. P. Lachaux, E. Rodriguez, A. Lutz, J. Martinerie and F. J. Varela, Comparison of Hilbert transform and wavelet methods for the analysis of neuronal synchrony, J. Neurosci. Methods 111 (2001) 83–98. Crossref, Medline, ISIGoogle Scholar
    • 44. P. Sauseng and W. Klimesch, What does phase information of oscillatory brain activity tell us about cognitive processes?, Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 32 (2008) 1001–1013. Crossref, Medline, ISIGoogle Scholar
    • 45. C. J. Stam, G. Nolte and A. Daffertshofer, Phase lag index: Assessment of functional connectivity from multi channel EEG and MEG with diminished bias from common sources, Human Brain Mapping 28 (2007) 1178–1193. Crossref, Medline, ISIGoogle Scholar
    • 46. M. Langkvist and A. Loutfi, Learning feature representations with a cost-relevant sparse autoencoder, Int. J. Neural Syst. 25(1) (2015) 1450034. Link, ISIGoogle Scholar
    • 47. F. C. Morabito, M. Campolo, N. Mammone, M. Versaci, S. Franceschetti, F. Tagliavini, V. Sofia, D. Fatuzzo, A. Gambardella, A. Labate, L. Mumoli, G. G. Tripodi, S. Gasparini, V. Cianci, C. Sueri, E. Ferlazzo and U. Aguglia, Deep learning representation from electroencephalography of early-stage Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and features for differentiation from rapidly progressive dementia, Int. J. Neural Syst. 27(2) (2017) 1650039. Link, ISIGoogle Scholar
    • 48. R. B. Palm, Prediction as a candidate for learning deep hierarchical models of data, Technical University of Denmark (2012). Google Scholar
    • 49. M. Rubinov and O. Sporns, Complex network measures of brain connectivity: Uses and interpretations, Neuroimage 52 (2010) 1059–1069. Crossref, Medline, ISIGoogle Scholar
    • 50. E. Bullmore and O. Sporns, Complex brain networks: Graph theoretical analysis of structural and functional systems, Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 10 (2009) 186–198. Crossref, Medline, ISIGoogle Scholar
    • 51. O. Sporns, Structure and function of complex brain networks, Dialogues Clin. Neurosci. 15 (2013) 247–262. MedlineGoogle Scholar
    • 52. D. Papo, J. M. Buldu, S. Boccaletti and E. T. Bullmore, Complex network theory and the brain, Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci. 369 (2014) 20130520. Crossref, Medline, ISIGoogle Scholar
    • 53. C. J. Stam, B. F. Jones, G. Nolte, M. Breakspear and P. Scheltens, Small-world networks and functional connectivity in Alzheimer’s disease, Cereb. Cortex 17 (2007) 92–99. Crossref, Medline, ISIGoogle Scholar
    • 54. X. Li, D. W. Song, P. Zhang, G. L. Yu, Y. X. Hou and B. Hu, Emotion recognition from multi-channel EEG data through convolutional recurrent neural network, 2016 IEEE Int. Conf. Bioinformatics and Biomedicine (Bibm) (2016), pp. 352–359. Google Scholar
    • 55. S. Theodoridis and K. Koutroumbas, Pattern recognition 4th Edition, J. Am. Water Resources Assoc. 45 (2010) 22–34. Google Scholar
    • 56. C. Ding and H. C. Peng, Minimum redundancy feature selection from microarray gene expression data, in Proc. 2003 Ieee Bioinformatics Conference (2003), pp. 523–528. Google Scholar
    • 57. H. C. Peng, F. H. Long and C. Ding, Feature selection based on mutual information: Criteria of max-dependency, max-relevance, and min-redundancy, IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. 27 (2005) 1226–1238. Crossref, Medline, ISIGoogle Scholar
    • 58. G. E. Hinton and R. R. Salakhutdinov, Reducing the dimensionality of data with neural networks, Science 313 (2006) 504–507. Crossref, Medline, ISIGoogle Scholar
    • 59. A. Ortiz, J. Munilla, J. M. Gorriz and J. Ramirez, Ensembles of deep learning architectures for the early diagnosis of the Alzheimer’s disease, Int. J. Neural Syst. 26(7) (2016) 1650025. Link, ISIGoogle Scholar
    • 60. S. P. van den Broek, F. Reinders, M. Donderwinkel and M. J. Peters, Volume conduction effects in EEG and MEG, Electroencephal. Clin. Neurophysiol. 106 (1998) 522–534. Crossref, MedlineGoogle Scholar
    • 61. S. Aydore, D. Pantazis and R. M. Leahy, A note on the phase locking value and its properties, Neuroimage 74 (2013) 231–244. Crossref, Medline, ISIGoogle Scholar
    • 62. W. J. Jian, M. Y. Chen and D. J. McFarland, EEG based zero-phase phase-locking value (PLV) and effects of spatial filtering during actual movement, Brain Res. Bull. 130 (2017) 156–164. Crossref, Medline, ISIGoogle Scholar
    • 63. L. R. Peraza, A. U. R. Asghar, G. Green and D. M. Halliday, Volume conduction effects in brain network inference from electroencephalographic recordings using phase lag index, J. Neurosci. Methods 207 (2012) 189–199. Crossref, Medline, ISIGoogle Scholar
    • 64. M. X. Cohen, Comparison of different spatial transformations applied to EEG data: A case study of error processing, Int. J. Psychophysiol. 97 (2015) 245–257. Crossref, Medline, ISIGoogle Scholar
    • 65. F. Shahbazi, A. Ewald, A. Ziehe and G. Nolte, Constructing surrogate data to control for artifacts of volume conduction for functional connectivity measures, 17th Int. Conf. Biomagnetism Advances in Biomagnetism — Biomag, Vol. 28 (2010), p. 207. Google Scholar
    • 66. P. Tass, M. G. Rosenblum, J. Weule, J. Kurths, A. Pikovsky, J. Volkmann, A. Schnitzler and H. J. Freund, Detection of n: m phase locking from noisy data: Application to magnetoencephalography, Phys. Rev. Lett. 81 (1998) 3291–3294. Crossref, ISIGoogle Scholar
    • 67. Y. Yang, Y. H. Qiu and A. C. Schouten, Dynamic functional brain connectivity for face perception, Frontiers in Human Neuroscience 9 (2015) 00662. Crossref, Medline, ISIGoogle Scholar
    Published: 16 May 2018