Abstract
Quantitative technology forecasting uses quantitative methods to understand and project technological changes. It is a broad field encompassing many different techniques and has been applied to a vast range of technologies. A widely used approach in this field is trend extrapolation. Based on the literature available to us, there has been little or no attempt made to systematically review the empirical evidence on quantitative trend extrapolation techniques. This study attempts to close this gap by conducting a systematic review of the technology forecasting literature addressing the application of quantitative trend extrapolation techniques. We identified 25 studies relevant to the objective of this research and classified the techniques used in the studies into different categories, among which the growth curves and time series methods were shown to remain popular over the past decade while the newer methods, such as machine learning-based hybrid models, have emerged in recent years. As more effort and evidence are needed to determine if hybrid models are superior to traditional methods, we expect a growing trend in the development and application of hybrid models to technology forecasting.
References
- 2008] Forecasting technology costs via the experience curve — myth or magic? Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 75, 7: 952–983. Crossref, Google Scholar [
- 2012] Forecasting technological innovation. In ARCS Workshops, ARCS 2012,
Gesellschaft für Informatik eV , pp. 1–6. Google Scholar [ - Berleant, D., Kodali, V., Segall, R., Aboudja, H. and Howell, M. (2019). Moore’s law, Wright’s law, and the countdown to exponential space. The Space Review, 2019, Paper 3632/1. Google Scholar
- 1970] Time Series Analysis: Forecasting and Control, Holden Day, San Francisco. Google Scholar [
- 1976] Time Series Analysis: Forecasting and Control (2nd ed.), Holden Day, San Francisco. Google Scholar [
- 1959] Statistical Forecasting for Inventory Control. McGraw-Hill, New York. Google Scholar [
- 2021] Forecasting of a technology using quantitative satellite lifetime data. Journal of Systemics, Cybernetics and Informatics, 19, 5: 78–83. Google Scholar [
- 2020]
Technology forecasting: Recent trends and new methods . Research Methodology in Management and Industrial Engineering, eds. C. Machado and J. P. Davim, Springer, Cham, pp. 45–69. Crossref, Google Scholar [ - 2013] A Comparison between two main academic literature collections: Web of Science and Scopus databases. Asian Social Science, 9, 5: 18. Crossref, Google Scholar [
- 1978] The Holt-Winters forecasting procedure. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series C (Applied Statistics), 27, 3: 264–279. Google Scholar [
- 2017] Forecasting MBT technologies using DEA and LR. Technology Analysis and Strategic Management, 29, 353–369. Crossref, Google Scholar [
- 2013]
Technology forecasting methods . Research and Technology Management in the Electricity Industry: Methods, Tools and Case Studies, eds. T. Daim, T. Oliver and J. Kim, Springer, London, pp. 67–112. Crossref, Google Scholar [ - Cho, K., van Merrienboer, B., Bahdanau, D. and Bengio, Y. (2014). On the properties of neural machine translation: Encoder-decoder approaches, arXiv:1409.1259. Google Scholar
- Chou, S.-J. (2011). A conceptual methodology for assessing acquisition requirements robustness against technology uncertainties. Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology. Google Scholar
- Chung, J., Gulcehre, C., Cho, K. and Bengio, Y. (2014). Empirical evaluation of gated recurrent neural networks on sequence modeling, arXiv:1412.3555. Google Scholar
- 2001] On the future of technological forecasting. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 67, 1: 1–17. Crossref, Google Scholar [
- 2006] 25 years of time series forecasting. International Journal of Forecasting, 22, 3: 443–473. Crossref, Google Scholar [
- Demos, A. P. and Salas, S. (2017). A language, not a letter: Learning statistics in R. Available at https://ademos.people.uic.edu [accessed on 2 May 2022]. Google Scholar
- 2009] A trend-based patent alert system for technology watch. Journal of Scientific & Industrial Research, 68, 8: 674–679. Google Scholar [
- 2010a] Alerting companies through on-line patent trend analysis. Cybernetics and Systems, 41, 5: 371–390. Crossref, Google Scholar [
- 2010b] Application of possibilistic fuzzy regression for technology watch. Journal of Intelligent & Fuzzy Systems, 21, 5: 353–363. Crossref, Google Scholar [
- 2016] Equationless and equation-based trend models of prohibitively complex technological and related forecasts. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 111, 297–304. Crossref, Google Scholar [
- 2016] Past speculations of the future: A review of the methods used for forecasting emerging health technologies. BMJ Open, 6, 3: e010479. Crossref, Google Scholar [
- Econometrics Academy (2022). Limited dependent variable models. Available at https://sites.google.com/site/econometricsacademy/econometrics-models/limited-dependent-variable-models [accessed on 12 May 2022]. Google Scholar
- 2016] How predictable is technological progress? Research Policy, 45, 3: 647–665. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2015.11.001. Crossref, Google Scholar [
- Firat, A. K., Woon, W. L. and Madnick, S. (2008). Technological forecasting – A Review. Composite Information Systems Laboratory (CISL), Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge. Google Scholar
- Fomby, T. B. (2008). Exponential smoothing models. Available at https://s2.smu.edu/tfomby/eco5375/data/SMOOTHING%20MODELS_V6.pdf [accessed on 28 April 2022]. Google Scholar
- 2021] Technology forecasting using deep learning neural network[s]: Taking the case of robotics. IEEE Access, 9, 53306–53316. Crossref, Google Scholar [
- 1982] Debunking the learning curve. IEEE Transactions on Components, Hybrids, and Manufacturing Technology, 5, 4: 328–335. Crossref, Google Scholar [
- Goldberger, A. S. (1964). Econometric theory. Available at https://www.cabdirect.org/cabdirect/abstract/19651801180. Google Scholar
- 2010] The Holt–Winters approach to exponential smoothing: 50 years old and going strong. Foresight: The International Journal of Applied Forecasting, 19, 30–33. Google Scholar [
- 2013] Speech recognition with deep recurrent neural networks. In 2013 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing,
Vancouver, Canada , pp. 6645–6649. Crossref, Google Scholar [ - 2018] Technology forecasting (TF) and technology assessment (TA) methodologies: A conceptual review. Benchmarking: An International Journal, 26, 1: 48–72. Crossref, Google Scholar [
- 1997] Long short-term memory. Neural Computation, 9, 8: 1735–1780. Crossref, Google Scholar [
- 1957] Forecasting seasonals and trends by exponentially weighted moving averages. International Journal of Forecasting, 20, 1: 5–10. Crossref, Google Scholar [
- 2021] Is technological progress a random walk? Examining data from space travel. Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science, 75, 67–73. Crossref, Google Scholar [
- 1998] The empirical mode decomposition and the Hilbert spectrum for nonlinear and non-stationary time series analysis. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, 454, 1971: 903–995. Crossref, Google Scholar [
- 2003] Applying the grey prediction model to the global integrated circuit industry. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 70, 6: 563–574. Crossref, Google Scholar [
- 2008] Automatic time series forecasting: the forecast package for . Journal of Statistical Software, 27, 3: 1–22. Crossref, Google Scholar [
- 2005] Improving time to market forecasts: A comparison of two technology forecasting techniques for predicting U.S. fighter jet introductions from 1944 to 1982. Engineering and Technology Management Faculty Publications and Presentations, 44, 533–537. Google Scholar [
- 2006] Predicting U.S. jet fighter aircraft introductions from 1944 to 1982: A dogfight between regression and TFDEA. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 73, 9: 1178–1187. Crossref, Google Scholar [
- 2013] An Introduction to Statistical Learning with Applications in R. Springer, New York. Crossref, Google Scholar [
- Kalekar, P. S. (2004). Time series forecasting using Holt-Winters exponential smoothing. Available at https://www.cs.ucy.ac.cy/courses/EPL448/labs/LAB11/Time%20series%20Forecasting%20using%20Holt-Winters%20Exponential%20Smoothing.pdf [30 April 2022]. Google Scholar
- 2013] A review on technology forecasting methods and their application area. International Journal of Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering, 7, 4: 591–595. Google Scholar [
- 2010] Grey system theory-based models in time series prediction. Expert Systems with Applications, 37, 2: 1784–1789. Crossref, Google Scholar [
- 2003] Five steps to conducting a systematic review. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine, 96, 3: 118–121. Crossref, Google Scholar [
- Kitchenham, B. and Charters, S. (2007). Guidelines for performing systematic literature reviews in software engineering. Technical Report No. EBSE-2007-01, Keele University, Keele, UK. Available at https://www.elsevier.com/__data/promis_misc/525444systematicreviewsguide.pdf [accessed on 10 October 2021]. Google Scholar
- 2018] Modeling long- and short-term temporal patterns with deep neural networks. In The 41st International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research & Development in Information Retrieval,
Ann Arbor, USA , pp. 95–104. Crossref, Google Scholar [ - 2010] Forecasting airplane technologies. Foresight, 12, 6: 38–54. Crossref, Google Scholar [
- 2021] A review of data analytics in technological forecasting. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 166, 120646. Crossref, Google Scholar [
- 2012] Forecast of wireless communication technology: A comparative study of regression and TFDEA model. In 2012 Proceedings of PICMET ’12: Technology Management for Emerging Technologies,
Vancouver, Canada , pp. 1247–1253. Google Scholar [ - 2004] Theory of grey systems: Capturing uncertainties of grey information. Kybernetes, 33, 2: 196–218. Crossref, Google Scholar [
- 2016] Quantitative empirical trends in technical performance. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 104, 237–246. Crossref, Google Scholar [
- 2018] Statistical and machine learning forecasting methods: Concerns and ways forward. PLOS One, 13, 3: e0194889. Crossref, Google Scholar [
- 2018] Google Scholar, Web of Science, and Scopus: A systematic comparison of citations in 252 subject categories. Journal of Informetrics, 12, 4: 1160–1177. Crossref, Google Scholar [
- 1993] A comparison of two composite measures of technology. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 44, 2: 147–159. Crossref, Google Scholar [
- 2003] A review of selected recent advances in technological forecasting. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 70, 8: 719–733. Crossref, Google Scholar [
- 2010] Some recent advances in technology foresight. International Journal of Foresight and Innovation Policy, 6, 1–3: 79–87. Crossref, Google Scholar [
- 1998] Technological forecasting — Model selection, model stability, and combining models. Management Science, 44, 8: 1115–1130. Crossref, Google Scholar [
- 2015] Forecasting in telecommunications and ICT—A review. International Journal of Forecasting, 31, 4: 1105–1126. Crossref, Google Scholar [
- 2021] Comparing expert elicitation and model-based probabilistic technology cost forecasts for the energy transition. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 118, 27: e1917165118. Crossref, Google Scholar [
- 2009] Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: The PRISMA statement. Annals of Internal Medicine, 151, 264–269. Crossref, Google Scholar [
- 1965] Cramming more components onto integrated circuits. Electronics, 38, 8: 114–117. Google Scholar [
- 2016] Forecasting of fuel cell technology in hybrid and electric vehicles using Gompertz growth curve. Journal of Statistics and Management Systems, 19, 1: 73–88. Crossref, Google Scholar [
- 2013] Statistical basis for predicting technological progress. PLOS One, 8, 2: e52669. Crossref, Google Scholar [
-
National Research Council [2010] Persistent Forecasting of Disruptive Technologies. The National Academies Press, Washington. Google Scholar - Nau, R. (2014). Forecasting with moving averages. Available at https://people.duke.edu/rnau/Notes_on_forecasting_with_moving_average — Robert_Nau.pdf [accessed on 28 April 2022]. Google Scholar
- 2021] A detailed forecast of the technologies based on lifecycle analysis of GMAW and CMT welding processes. Sustainability, 13, 7: 3766. Crossref, Google Scholar [
- Oliver, R. C., Balko, B., Seraphin, A. and Calhoun, A. (2002). Survey of long-term technology forecasting methodologies. Available at https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/citations/ADA410179 [accessed on 31 October 2021]. Google Scholar
- 1997] Training support vector machines: An application to face detection. In Proceedings of IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition,
San Juan , pp. 130–136. Crossref, Google Scholar [ - 2017] Deep learning in robotics: A review of recent research. Advanced Robotics, 31, 16: 821–835. Crossref, Google Scholar [
- 1997] Multi-mode interaction among technologies. Research Policy, 26, 1: 67–84. Crossref, Google Scholar [
- 1990] An overview of technological forecasting and technology assessment. The Journal of Epsilon Pi Tau, 16, 2: 4–10. Google Scholar [
- 2022] Technology forecasting for envisioning Bt technology scenario in Indian agriculture. Agricultural Research, 11, 747–757. Crossref, Google Scholar [
- Sevilla, J. and Riedel, C. J. (2020). Forecasting timelines of quantum computing. arxiv:2009.05045 [Quant-Ph]. Google Scholar
- 2021] The ABC of systematic literature review: The basic methodological guidance for beginners. Quality & Quantity, 55, 4: 1319–1346. Crossref, Google Scholar [
- 2015] A comparison of time series model forecasting methods on patent groups. CEUR Workshop Proceedings, 1353, 167–173. Google Scholar [
- 2012] Predicting the path of technological innovation: SAW vs. Moore, Bass, Gompertz, and Kryder. Marketing Science, 31, 6: 964–979. Crossref, Google Scholar [
- Sutskever, I., Vinyals, O. and Le, Q. V. (2014). Sequence to sequence learning with neural networks. Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 27. Available at https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper/2014/hash/a14ac55a4f27472c5d894ec1c3c743d2-Abstract.html. Accessed on 10 April 2022. Google Scholar
- 1981] The law of exponential growth: Evidence, implications and forecasts. Library Trends, 30, 1: 125–149, https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Linda-Smith-23/publication/32960738_Citation_Analysis/links/5500e2a30cf2aee14b58e98b/Citation-Analysis.pdf#page=130. Google Scholar [
- 1988] Advertising exposure, loyalty, and brand purchase: A two-stage model of choice. Journal of Marketing Research, 25, 2: 134–144. Crossref, Google Scholar [
- 1958] Estimation of relationships for limited dependent variables. Econometrica, 26, 24-36. Crossref, Google Scholar [
- 2021]
Data mining methods for analysis and forecast of an emerging technology trend: A systematic mapping study from SCOPUS papers . Artificial Intelligence, eds. S. M. Kovalev, S. O. Kuznetsov and A. I. Panov, Springer, Cham, pp. 81–101. Crossref, Google Scholar [ - 2005] Kryder’s law. Scientific American, 293, 2: 32–33. Crossref, Google Scholar [
- 2011] Technology forecasting in the field of apnea from online publications: Time series analysis on Latent Semantic. In 2011 Sixth International Conference on Digital Information Management,
Melbourne, Australia , pp. 127–132. Crossref, Google Scholar [ - 2009] Ensemble empirical mode decomposition: a noise-assisted data analysis method. Advances in Adaptive Data Analysis, 01, 01: 1–41. Link, Google Scholar [
- 1960] Forecasting sales by exponentially weighted moving averages. Management Science, 6, 3: 324–342. Crossref, Google Scholar [
- 1936] Factors affecting the cost of airplanes. Journal of the Aeronautical Sciences, 3, 4: 122–128. Crossref, Google Scholar [
- 2019] Long-term trend prediction algorithm based on neural network[s] for short time series. In 2019 IEEE International Conference on Parallel Distributed Processing with Applications, Big Data Cloud Computing, Sustainable Computing Communications, Social Computing Networking (ISPA/BDCloud/SocialCom/SustainCom),
Xiamen, China , pp. 1233–1238. Google Scholar [ - 2008] Patent analysis for technology forecasting: Sector-specific applications. In 2008 IEEE International Engineering Management Conference,
Estoril, Portugal , pp. 1–5. Crossref, Google Scholar [ - 2017] Development trend forecasting for coherent light generator technology based on patent citation network analysis. Scientometrics, 111, 1: 297–315. Crossref, Google Scholar [
- 1993] Technological growth curves: a competition of forecasting models. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 44, 4: 375–389. Crossref, Google Scholar [
- 2007]
Comparison of technology forecasting methods for multi-national enterprises: The case for a decision-focused scenario approach . Challenges in the Management of New Technologies, World Scientific Publishing, Singapore, pp. 409–423, http://hozekf.oerp.ir/sites/hozekf.oerp.ir/files/kar_fanavari/manabe%20book/Thinking/Challenges%20in%20the%20Management%20of%20New%20Technologies.pdf#page=422. Link, Google Scholar [ - 2011] Applying grey prediction model for forecasting emerging technology. International Journal of Foresight and Innovation Policy, 7, 4: 271–285. Crossref, Google Scholar [
- 2019a] Generating technology evolution prediction intervals using a bootstrap method. Journal of Mechanical Design, 141, 6: 061401. Crossref, Google Scholar [
- 2019b] System evolution prediction and manipulation using a Lotka–Volterra ecosystem model. Design Studies, 60, 103–138. Crossref, Google Scholar [
- 2017] Modeling the evolution of system technology performance when component and system technology performances interact: Commensalism and amensalism. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 125, 116–124. Crossref, Google Scholar [
- 2018] Technology evolution prediction using Lotka–Volterra equations. Journal of Mechanical Design, 140, 6: 061101. Crossref, Google Scholar [